RAPID Publications

Publications based on research carried out in the RAPID programme

OSNAP publications

Publications based on research carried out in the OSNAP programme

Scientific publications relevant to RAPID

The papers below are related to RAPID research themes, but the research on which they are based is not directly part of the RAPID programmes. Follow this link for a list of RAPID publications.

Recently published:

Mignac, D., D. Ferreira and K. Haine (2019): Decoupled Freshwater Transport and Meridional Overturning in the South Atlantic, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(4), 2178-2186. doi:10.1029/2018GL081328

Monerie, P.-A., J. Robson, B. Dong, D.L.R. Hodson, N.P. Klingaman (2019): Effect of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability on the Global Monsoon, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(3), 1765-1775. doi:10.1029/2018GL080903

Hallam, S., R.Marsh, S.A. Josey, P.Hyder, B.Moat, J.J.-M. Hirschi (2019): Ocean precursors to the extreme Atlantic 2017 hurricane season, Nature Communications, 10, 896. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08496-4

Lozier, M.S., F. Li, S. Bacon, F. Bahr, A.S. Bower, S.A. Cunningham, M.F. de Jong, L. de Steur, B. deYoung, J. Fischer, S.F. Gary, B.J. W. Greenan, N.P. Holliday, A. Houk, L. Houpert, M.E. Inall, W. E. Johns, H.L. Johnson, C. Johnson, J. Karstensen, G. Koman, I. A. Le Bras, X. Lin, N. Mackay, D.P. Marshall, H. Mercier, M. Oltmanns, R.S. Pickart, A.L. Ramsey, D. Rayner, F. Straneo, V. Thierry, D.J. Torres, R.G. Williams, C. Wilson, J. Yang, I. Yashayaev, J. Zhao (2019): A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic, Science, 363 (6426), 516-521. doi:10.1126/science.aau6592

Publications arranged alphabetically by lead author

A

Asrat, A., A. Baker, M.U. Mohammed, M.J. Leng, P. Van Calsteren, C. Smith (2007): A high-resolution multi-proxy stalagmite record from Mechara, Southeastern Ethiopia: palaeohydrological implications for speleothem palaeoclimate reconstruction, Journal of Quaternary Science, 22: 53-63. doi:10.1002/jqs.1013

Austin, W. E. N., Telford, R. J., Ninnemann, U. S., Brown, L., Wilson, L. J., Small, D. P., Bryant, C. L. (2011): North Atlantic reservoir ages linked to high Younger Dryas atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 226-233. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.011

B

Ba, J., N.S. Keenlyside, W. Park, M. Latif, E. Hawkins., H.Ding (2013): A mechanism for Atlantic multidecadal variability in the Kiel Climate Model, Climate Dynamics, 41: 2133-2144. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1633-4

Baker, H.S., R.J. Millar, D.J. Karoly, U. Beyerle, B.P. Guillod, D. Mitchell, H. Shiogama, S. Sparrow, T.Woollings, M.R. Allen (2018): Higher CO2 concentrations increase extreme event risk in a 1.5 °C world, Nature Climate Change, 8: 604-608. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0190-1

Baker, A., Wilson, R., Fairchild, I.J., Franke, J., Spötl, C., Mattey, D., Trouet, V., Fuller, L. (2011): High resolution δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C records from an annually laminated Scottish stalagmite and relationship with last millennium climate, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.007.

Baldini, L.M., F. McDermott, J. U.L.Baldini, P. Arias, M. Cuetod, I. J.Fairchilde, D.L. Hoffmann, D.P. Mattey, W. Muller, D.C. Nita, R. Ontanon, C. Garcia-Moncod, D.A.Richard (201): Regional temperature, atmospheric circulation, and sea-ice variability within the Younger Dryas Event constrained using a speleothem from northern Iberia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 419: 101-110. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.015

Balmaseda, M. A., Smith, G. C., Haines, K., Anderson, D., Palmer, T. N., and Vidard, A. (2007): Historical reconstruction of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation from the ECMWF operational ocean reanalysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(23). doi:10.1029/2007GL031645

Balmaseda, M.A., Mogensen, K., Weaver, A. (2013): Evaluation of the ECMWF Ocean Reanalysis ORAS4, Quaterly Journal Roy. Met. Soc. A, 139: 1132-1161. doi:10.1002/qj.2063

Baringer, M. O. and Larsen, J. C. (2001): Sixteen years of Florida Current Transport at 27N, Geophysical Research Letters, 28(16): 3179-3182. doi:doi: 10.1029/2001GL013246

Bigg, G. R., Levine, R. C., Green, C. L. (2011): Modelling abrupt glacial North Atlantic freshening: Rates of change and their implications for Heinrich events, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 176-192. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.11.001

Bower, A., Lozier, S., Biastoch, A.,Drouin, K., Foukal, N., Furey, H., Lankhorst, M., Rühs, S., Zou, S. (2019): Lagrangian views of the pathways of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, JGR Oceans, 124. doi:10.1029/2019JC015014

Briffa, K.R., V.V. Shishov, T.M. Melvin, E.A. Vaganov , H. Grudd , R.M. Hantemirov, M. Eronen,M.M. Naurzbaev (2008): Trends in recent temperature and radial tree growth spanning 2000 years across northwest Eurasia, Phil. trans. R. Soc. B, Biological sciences, 363: 2271-84. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2199

Busby, S., K.R. Briffa T J. Osborn (2007): Simulation of ENSO forcings on U.S. drought by the HadCM3 coupled climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112. doi:10.1029/2007JD008705

Böning, C.W. E. Behrens, A. Biastoch, K. Getzlaff, and J.L. Bamber (2016): Emerging impact of Greenland meltwater on deepwater formation in the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature Geoscience, 9: 523-527. doi:10.1038/ngeo2740

C

Carton, J.A. and Hakkinen, S. (2011): Climate and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Deep Sea Research II Special Issue, 58 (17-18): 1741-1944 (September 2011).

Carton, J.A., Cunningham, S.A., FraJka-Williams,E., Kwon, Y.O., Marshall,D., Msadek, R. (2014): The Atlantic Overturning Circulation: More Evidence of Variability and Links to Climate, Summary of the 2013 U.S. AMOC – U.K. RAPID International Science Meeting, Am.Met.Soc, BAMS August 2014: 163-166. Meeting Summary

Challenor, P., McNeall, D., Gattiker, J. (2010): Assessing the probability of rare climate events, In, O\'Hagan, Anthony and West, Mike (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Applied Bayesian Analysis, Oxford University Press: 403-430. ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199548903.do

Challenor, P.G. (2009): Comments by P.Challenor on Goldstein and Rougier, Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 139 (3): 1248-1248. doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2008.08.012

Chapman, S.C., D.A. Stainforth, N.W. Watkins (2015): Limits to the quantification of local climate change, Environmental Research Letters, 10. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094018

Chapman, S.C., D.A. Stainforth, N.W. Watkins (2013): On estimating local long-term climate trends, Phil. trans. R. Soc. A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0287

Collins, M., S. Minobe, M. Barreiro, S. Bordoni, Y. Kaspi, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Keenlyside, E. Manzini, C.H. O’Reilly, R.Sutton, S.-P. Xie, O. Zolina (2018): Challenges and opportunities for improved understanding of regional climate dynamics, Nature Climate Change, 8: 101-108. doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0059-8

Cox, K.A., J.D. Stanford, A. J. McVicar, E. J. Rohling, K. J. Heywood, S. Bacon, M. Bolshaw, P. A. Dodd, S. De la Rosa, D. Wilkinson (2010): Interannual variability of Arctic sea ice export into the East Greenland Current, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C12). doi:10.1029/2010JC006227

D

Desbruyères, D.G., E.L. McDonagh, B.A. King, F.K. Garry, A.T. Blaker, B.I. Moat, H. Mercier (2014): Full-depth temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic through the early 21st century, Geophysical Research Letters, 41(22): 971-7979. doi:10.1002/2014GL061844

E

Evans, G.R., E.L. McDonagh, B.A. King, H.L. Bryden, D.C.E. Bakker, P.J. Brown, U. Schuster, K.G. Speer, S.M.A.C. van Heuven (2017): South Atlantic interbasin exchanges of mass, heat, salt and anthropogenic carbon, Progress in Oceanography, 151: 62-82. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.005

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Fischer, J., J. Karstensen, R. Zantopp, M. Visbeck, A. Biastoch, E. Behrens, C.W. Böning, D. Quadfasel, K. Jochumsen, H.Valdimarsson' S.Jonsson, S.Bacon, N.P. Holliday, S. Dye, M. Rhein, C. Mertense (2015): Intra-seasonal variability of the DWBC in the western subpolar North Atlantic, Progress in Oceanography, 132: 233-249. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.002

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Gary, S.F.; Cunningham, S.A.; Johnson, C.; Houpert, L.; Holliday, N.P.; Behrens, E.; Biastoch, A.; Böning, C.W. (2018): Seasonal cycles of oceanic transports in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic, JGR, Oceans, 123(2): 1471-1484. doi:10.1002/2017JC013350

Germe, A., F. Sévellec, J. Mignot, A. Fedorov, S. Nguyen and D. Swingedouw (2017): The impacts of oceanic deep temperature perturbations in the North Atlantic on decadal climate variability and predictability, Climate Dynamics, 51(5-6): 2341-2357. doi:10.1007/s00382-017-4016-z

Goddard, P.B., Yin, J., Griffies, S.M., Zhang, S. (2015): An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009-2010, Nature Communication. doi:10.1038/ncomms7346

Goes, M. (2009): Eddy Formation in the Tropical Atlantic Induced by Abrupt Changes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation, Journal of Physical Oceanography. doi:10.1175/2009JPO4004.1

Goldstein, M., Rougier, J. C (2005): Bayes Linear Calibrated Prediction for Complex Systems, Journal of the American Statistical Association. Pre-print

Goldstein, M., Rougier, J. C. (2005): Probabilistic formulations for transferring inferences from mathematical models to physical systems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 26: 467-487. doi:10.1137/S106482750342670X

Goldstein, M., Rougier, J. C. (2009): Reified Bayesian Modelling and Inference for Physical Systems, Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 139(3): 1221-1239. doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2008.07.019

Griggs J.A., Bamber, J.L. (2008): Assessment of Cloud Cover Characteristics in Satellite Datasets and Reanalysis Products for Greenland, Journal of Climate. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1570.1

Gulev, S.K. Latif, M. (2015): Ocean science: The origins of a climate oscillation, Nature, 521: 428-430. doi:10.1038/521428a

H

Haines, K., J. A. Johannessen, P. Knudsen, D. Lea, M.-H. Rio, L. Bertino, F. Davidson, and F. Hernandez (2011): An ocean modelling and assimilation guide to using GOCE geoid products, Ocean Science, 7: 151-164. doi:10.5194/os-7-151-2011

Hall, I.R., Evans, H.K., Thornalley, D.J.R. (2011): Deep water flow speed and surface ocean changes in the subtropical North Atlantic during the last deglaciation, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 255-263. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.001

Hall, R.A. (2013): Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratificatio, Journal of Physical Oceanography. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0192.1

Hallam, S., R.Marsh, S.A. Josey, P.Hyder, B.Moat, J.J.-M. Hirschi (2019): Ocean precursors to the extreme Atlantic 2017 hurricane season, Nature Communications, 10: 896. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08496-4

Hansen, B., K. M. H. Larsen, H. Hatun, and S. Østerhus (A stable Faroe Bank Channel overflow 1995-2015): Ocean Science, 12, 1205-1220: 10.5194/os-12-1205-2016.

Haustein, K., F.E.L. Otto, P. Uhe, N. Schaller, M.R. Allen, L. Hermanson, N. Christidis, P. McLean and H. Cullen (2016): Real-time extreme weather event attribution with forecast seasonal SSTs Environmental Research Letters, : 10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064006.

Hawkins, E. and R. Sutton (2009): The Potential to Narrow Uncertainty in Regional Climate Predictions, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1

Hawkins, E., Sutton, R. (2010): The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of regional precipitation change, Climate Dynamics, in press. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0810-6

Higginson, S., K R. Thompson, P L. Woodworth, C.W. Hughes (2015): The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America, Geophysical Research Letters, 42(5): 1471-1479. doi:10.1002/2015GL063186

Holliday, N.P., S.L. Hughes, S. Bacon, A. Beszczynska‐Möller, B. Hansen, A. Lavín, H. Loeng, K. A. Mork, S. Østerhus, T.Sherwin, W. Walczowski (2008): Reversal of the 1960s to 1990s freshening trend in the northeast North Atlantic and Nordic Seas, Geophysical Research Letters, 35(3). doi:10.1029/2007GL032675

Houpert, L., Inall,M.E., Dumont,E., Gary,S., Johnson, C., Porter, M., Johns, W.E., Cunningham, S.A. (2018): Structure and Transport of the North Atlantic Current in the Eastern Subpolar Gyre From Sustained Glider Observations, JGR. doi:10.1029/2018JC014162

I

Iwi, A., L. Hermanson, K. Haines, R.T. Sutton (2012): Mechanisms Linking Volcanic Aerosols to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Journal of Climate. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4067.1

J

Johnson, H.L., Paola. Cessi, D.P. Marshall, F. Schloesser M.A. Spall (2019): Recent contributions of theory to our understanding of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, JGR Oceans. doi:10.1029/2019JC015330

Jongma, J.I., M. Prange, H. Renssen, M. Schulz (2007): Amplification of Holocene multicentennial climate forcing by mode transitions in North Atlantic overturning circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(15). doi:10.1029/2007GL030642

Jung, S.J.A., Kroon, D. (2011): Quantifying rates of change in ocean conditions with implications for timing of sea level change, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 204-213. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.11.004

K

Knutti, R., Meehl, G.A., Allen, M. R., Stainforth, D. A. (2006): Constraining Climate Sensitivity from the Seasonal Cycle in Surface Temperature, Journal of Climate, 19: 4224-4233. doi:10.1175/JCLI3865.1

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Landerer, F.W., Wiese, D.N., Bentel, K., Boening, C., Watkins, M.M. (2015): North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variations from GRACE ocean bottom pressure anomalies, GRL, 42(19): 8114-8121. doi:10.1002/2015GL065730

Lavender, K. L., Owens, W. B., Davis, R. E. (2005): The mid-depth circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean as measured by subsurface floats, Deep Sea Research, 52: 767-785. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.007

Lecointre, A., Penduff, T., Cipollini, P., Tailleux, R., and Barnier, B. (2008): Depth dependence of westward-propagating North Atlantic features diagnosed from altimetry and a numerical 1/6° model, Ocean Science, 4(1): 99-113.

Lenton, T.L., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J.W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S., Schellnhuber, H.J. (2008): Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (6): 1786-1793. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705414105

Lenton, T.M., R. Marsh, A.R. Price, D.J. Lunt, Y. Aksenov, J.D. Annan, T. Cooper-Chadwick, S.J. Cox, N.R. Edwards, S. Goswami, J.C. Hargreaves, P.P. Harris, Z. Jiao, V.N. Livina, A.J. Payne, I.C. Rutt, J.G. Shepherd, P J. Valdes, G. Williams, M.S. Williamson and A. Yool (2007): Effects of atmospheric dynamics and ocean resolution on bi-stability of the thermohaline circulation examined using the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework, Climate Dynamics, 29(6): 591-613. doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0254-9

Little, C.M., A. Hu, C.W. Hughes, G.D. McCarthy, C.G. Piecuch, R.M. Ponte, M.D. Thomas (2019): The Relationship between United States East Coast Sea Level and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: a Review, JGR Oceans. doi:10.1029/2019JC015152

Lohne, Ø., S. Bondevik, J. Mangerud, J.I. Svendsen (2007): Sea-level fluctuations imply that the Younger Dryas ice-sheet expansion in western Norway commenced during the Allerød, Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(7-18): 2128-2151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.008

Lozier, M.S.; Bacon, S.; Bower, A.S.; Cunningham, S.A.; de Jong, M.F.; de Steur, L.; deYoung, B.; Fischer, J.; Gary, S.F; Greenan, B.J.W.; Heimbach, P.; Holliday, N.P.; Houpert, L.; Inall, M.E.; Johns, W.E.; Johnson, H.L.; Karstensen, J.; Li, F.; Lin, X.; Mackay, N.; Marshall, D.P.; Mercier, H.; Myers, P.G.; Pickart, R.S.; Pillar, H.R.; Straneo, F.; Thierry, V.; Weller, Robert A.; Williams, R.G.; Wilson, C.; Yang, J.; Zhao, J.; Zika, J.D. (2017): Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program: a new international ocean observing system, Bul. Am. Met. Soc., 98(4): 737-752. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0057.1

Lundqvist, J., Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (2007): Late Glacial Events in Northwest Europe, Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 1116-1122. doi:10.1016/b0-444-52747-8/00133-2

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Mackay, N., Wilson, C., Zika, J. & Holliday, N.P. (2018): A Regional Thermohaline Inverse Method for Estimating Circulation and Mixing in the Arctic and Subpolar North Atlantic, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 35 (12): 2383-2403. doi:0.1175/JTECH-D-17-0198.1

Maidens, A., A. Arribas, A.A. Scaife, C. MacLachlan, D. Peterson, J. Knight (2013): The Influence of Surface Forcings on Prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation Regime of Winter 2010/11, Monthly Weather Review, 41 (11): 3801-3813. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00033.1

Marsh, R., Haigh, I.D., Cunningham, S.A., Inall, M.E., Porter, M., and Moat, B.I. (Large-scale forcing of the European Slope Current and associated inflows to the North Sea): Ocean Sci., 13, 315-335: 10.5194/os-13-315-2017.

Marshall, D.P., and H.L. Johnson (2017): Relative strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 69(1). doi:10.1080/16000870.2017.1338884

Marzocchi, A., J. J.-M. Hirschi, N.P. Holliday, S.A. Cunningham, A.T. Blaker, A.C. Coward (2015): The North Atlantic subpolar circulation in an eddy-resolving global ocean model, Journal of Marine Systems, 142: 126-143. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.007

McDermott, F., Atkinson, T.C., Fairchild, I.J., Baldini, L.M., Mattey, D.P. (2011): A first evaluation of the spatial gradients in δ¹⁸O recorded by European Holocene speleothems, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 275-287. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.01.005

McDonagh, E. L., McLeod, P., King, B. A. Bryden, H. L., Torres Valdes, S. (2010): Circulation, heat and freshwater transport at 36°N in the Atlantic, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 40: 2661-2678. doi:10.1175/2010JPO4176.1

Mercier, H., P. Lherminier, A. Sarafanov, F. Gaillard, N. Daniault, D. Desbruyeres, A. Falina, B. Ferron, T. Huck, V. Thierry (2015): Variability of the meridional overturning circulation at the Greenland-Portugal Ovide section from 1993 to 2010, Prog. Oceanogr, 132: 250-261. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.001

Messori, G., and A. Czaja (2013): On the sporadic nature of meridional heat transport by transient eddies, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(B): 999-1008. doi:10.1002/qj.2011

Mignac, D., D. Ferreira and K. Haine (2019): Decoupled Freshwater Transport and Meridional Overturning in the South Atlantic, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(4): 2178-2186. doi:10.1029/2018GL081328

Mignac, D., D. Ferreira, and K. Haines (2017): South Atlantic meridional transports from NEMO-based simulations and reanalyses, Ocean Science Discussions. doi:10.5194/os-2017-69

Moffa‐Sánchez, P., Moreno‐Chamarro,E., Reynolds, D. J., Ortega, P.,Cunningham, L., Swingedouw, D., Amrhein, D.E., Halfar, J., Jonkers, L., Jungclaus, J.H., Perner, K., Wanamaker, A., Yeager, S. (2019): Variability in the northernNorth Atlantic and Arctic Oceansacross the last two millennia: A review., Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34. doi:10.1029/2018PA003508

Monerie, P.-A., J. Robson, B. Dong and N. Dunstone (2017): A role of the Atlantic Ocean in predicting summer surface air temperature over North East Asia?, Climate Dynamics, 51: 473-491. doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3935-z

Monerie, P.-A., J. Robson, B. Dong, B. Dieppois, B.Pohl & N. Dunstone (2018): Predicting the seasonal evolution of southern African summer precipitation in the DePreSys3 prediction system, Climate Dynamics, 52(11): 6491-6510. doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4526-3

Moore. A.M., M.J. Martin, S. Akella, H.G. Arango, M. Balmaseda, L. Bertino, S. Ciavatta, B. Cornuelle, J. Cummings, S. Frolov, P. Lermusiaux, P.Oddo, P.R. Oke, A. Storto, A. Teruzzi, A. Vidard , A.T. Weaver (2019): Synthesis of Ocean Observations Using Data Assimilation for Operational, Real-Time and Reanalysis Systems: A More Complete Picture of the State of the Ocean, Frontiers in Marine Science. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00090

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OSNAP (2016): Measuring the Meridional Overturning Circulation from the OSNAP Array, OSNAP Technical Report, July 2016. https://duke.app.box.com/v/osnap-technical-report

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Persechino, A., Marsh, R., Sinha, B., Megann, A. P., Blaker, A. T., New, A. L. (2012): Decadal-timescale changes of the Atlantic overturning circulation and climate in a coupled climate model with a hybrid-coordinate ocean component, Climate Dynamics, 39 (3-4): 1021-1042. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1432-y

Pillar, H., P. Heimbach, H. Johnson, and D. Marshall (2016): Dynamical attribution of recent variability in Atlantic overturning, J. Climate, 29: 3339-3352. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0727.1

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Rahmstorf, S., Box, J., Feulner, G., Mann, M., Robinson, A., Rutherford, S., Schaffernicht, E. (2015): Evidence for an exceptional 20th-Century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning, Nature Climate Change (online). doi:10.1038/nclimate2554

Roberts, C. D., Jackson, L., McNeall, D. (2014): Is the 2004-2012 reduction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation significant?, GRL, 41(9): 3204-210. doi:10.1002/2014GL059473

Rossby, T., G. Reverdin, L. Chafik, H. Søiland (2017): A direct estimate of poleward volume, heat, and freshwater fluxes at 59.58N between Greenland and Scotland, 2017., J. Geophys. Res., 122: 5870-5887. doi:10.1002/2017JC012835

Rougier, J. C (2005): Probabilistic Inference for Future Climate Using an Ensemble of Simulator Evaluations, Climatic Change. www.maths.dur.ac.uk/stats/people/jcr/CCrevisionA4.pdf

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S. L. Hughes S. Bacon A. Beszczynska‐Möller B. Hansen A. Lavín H. Loeng K. A. Mork S. Østerhus T. Sherwin W. Walczowski … See fewer authors (): , .

Sanderson, B.M., Knutti, R., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Faull, N., Frame, D. J., Ingram, W. J., Piani, C., Stainforth, D. A., Stone, D. A., Allen, M. R. (2008): Constraints on Model Response to Greenhouse Gas Forcing and the Role of Subgrid-Scale Processes, Journal of Climate, 21: 2384-2400. doi:doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1869.1

Schiermeier, Q (2013): Oceans under surveillance, Nature News, 497: 7448. On-line article

Schiermeier, Q (2014): Atlantic current strength declines, Nature News, 509: 7500. On-line article

Smith, D., R.P. Allan, A.C. Coward, R. Eade, P. Hyder, C.Liu, N.G. Loeb, M.D. Palmer, C.D. Roberts, A.A. Scaife (2015): Earth’s energy imbalance since 1960 in observations and CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42: 1205–1213. doi:10.1002/2014GL062669

Stanford, J.D., Rohling, E.J., Bacon, S., Holliday, N.P. (2011): A review of the deep and surface currents around Eirik Drift, south of Greenland: Comparison of the past with the present, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 244-254. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.001

Stanford, J.D., Hemingway, R., Rohling, E.J., Challenor, P.G., Medina-Elizalde, M., Lester, A.J. (2011): Sea-level probability for the last deglaciation: A statistical analysis of far-field records, Global and Planetary Change, 79: 193-203. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.11.002

Sutton, R.T.; McCarthy, G.D.; Robson, J.; Sinha, B.; Archibald, A.; Gray, L.J. (2018): Atlantic multi-decadal variability and the UK ACSIS programme, Bul. Am. Met. Soc., 99. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0266.1

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